
Sentosa, which means tranquillity in
Malay, is a popular
island resort in
Singapore, visited by some two million people a year. A major
tourist attraction, it hosts a sheltered beach of more than two
kilometres in length on its southern coast, a
musical fountain which uses the interaction of
lasers against water particles to create
three-dimensional images, and historical fortifications in
Fort Siloso, dating from
World War II. There are also two
golf courses and two
five-star hotels.
EtymologySentosa was once known as Pulau Belakang Mati, which in
Malay means the "Island (pulau) of Death (mati) from Behind (belakang)".
The name Belakang Mati is rather old but may not have been founded in the
nineteenth century as generally believed. In fact, there exists an island that was identified as Blacan Mati in E.C. de Eredia's 1604 map of Singapore. Other early references to the island of Belakang Mati include Burne Beard Island in Wilde's
1780 MS map, Pulau Niry, Nirifa from 1690 to 1700, and the nineteenth century reference as Pulau Panjang (J.H. Moor). However, early maps did not separate Belakang Mati from the adjacent island of
Pulau Brani, so it is uncertain to which island the
sixteenth century place names referred.
The island has gone through several name changes. Up to 1830, it was called Pulau Panjang ("long island"). In an
1828 sketch of Singapore Island, the island is referred to as Po. Panjang. According to Bennett (1834), the name Belakang Mati was only given to the
hill on the island by the
Malay villagers on the island. The Malay name for this island is literally translated as "dead back" or "behind the dead"; belakang means "at the back" or "behind"; mati means "dead".
Different versions of how the island came to acquire such an unpropitious name abound. One account attributed the ominous name to
murder and
piracy in the island's past. A second claimed that the island is the material paradise of
warrior spirits buried at Pulau Brani.
A third account claims that an outbreak of
disease on the island in the late 1840s almost wiped out the original
Bugis settlers on the island. Dr Robert Little, a
British coroner investigating the deaths, stumbled upon what was called Belakang Mati Fever, purportedly a type of
fever caused by
miasmastic fumes arising from decaying leaves and
swampy water on the island. This event led to a controversy in medical circles at that time as to the causes of what was later recognised in 1898 as
malaria spread by the
Anopheles mosquito. The government's malaria research station was originally located here.
A fourth interpretation is that "dead back island" was so-called because of the lack of fertile
soil on the hills.
In
1827, Captain Edward Lake of the
Bengal Engineers in his report on
public works and
fortifications had proposed an alternative name for Belakang Mati as the "Island of St George". However, the island was seen as too unhealthy for habitation and his proposed name was never realised.
In a
1972 contest organised by the
Singapore Tourist Promotion Board, the island was renamed Sentosa, a Malay word meaning "
peace and
tranquillity".
HistoryPre-1945
Gunners at work on a 6 Inch Gun emplacement at
Fort Siloso.
In the
nineteenth century, the island was considered important because it protected the passage into
Keppel Harbour. Plans to fortify the island as part of the defence plan for Singapore were drawn up as early as 1827, but few fortifications actually materialised until the 1880s, when the rapid growth of the
harbour led to concern over the protection of
coal stocks against enemy attack. The
forts built on the island were
Fort Siloso, Fort Serapong, Fort Connaught and the Mount Imbiah Battery.
The western end of Pulau Belakang Mati, the place where Fort Siloso is now, used to be called sarang rimau (the
tiger's den). Salusuh is a kind of
herb used as a remedy in
childbirth, but there is no explanation of how the fort came to be so-called, the orang laut of Kampong Kopit only knowing the place by the name of sarang rimau. By the 1930s, the island was heavily fortified and a crucial component of
Fortress Singapore, and the base of the
Royal Artillery.
During the
Second World War, the island was a
British military fortress. The British set up
artillery guns in Fort Siloso that were then pointed to the south, facing the sea in expectation of a seaward
Japanese assault. However, the Japanese eventually invaded and captured Singapore from the north, after having done the same to
Malaya (now known as West or
Peninsular Malaysia). Following the surrender of the Allied Forces on
February 15,
1942, the island became a
prisoner of war camp, housing
Australian and British prisoners of the Japanese.
During the
Japanese Occupation, under the
Sook Ching Operation,
Chinese men who were suspected, often arbitrarily, of being involved in anti-Japanese activities were brutally killed. The beach at Pulau Belakang Mati was one of the killing fields.
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1945-1972
After the
Japanese surrender in 1945 and the return of Singapore to British rule, the island became the base of the locally enlisted First Singapore Regiment of the Royal Artillery (1st SRRA) in 1947. Other locally enlisted men from Singapore were sent to the island for
basic military training before being sent to other units of the
British Army in Singapore.
Ten years later, the 1st SRRA was disbanded and its guns dismantled. The coast
artillery was replaced with
Gurkha infantry units, first the 2/7th
Duke of Edinburgh's own Gurkha Rifles and later the 2/10th
Princess Mary's own Gurkha Rifles. Fort Siloso and Fort Serapong became a
Catholic retreat and a
Protestant church house respectively. Fort Connaught was left in ruins.
In the early 1960s, during the
Indonesian Confrontation, the 2/10th unit defended the island against
Indonesian saboteurs. With the end of the Confrontation in 1966 and the withdrawal of the Gurkha units from the island, the British handed over Sentosa to the
Singapore Armed Forces of the newly independent
Government of Singapore in 1967.
In 1967, Pulau Belakang Mati became the
base for the
Singapore Naval Volunteer Force, which relocated there from its old base at
Telok Ayer Basin. The
School of Maritime Training was also set up there, as was the first Naval Medical Centre.
In the 1970s, the government decided to develop the island into a
holiday resort for local visitors and
tourists.
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1972-Present
The island was renamed “Sentosa” in 1972, which means tranquillity in
Malay, from a suggestion by the public. The
Sentosa Development Corporation was formed and incorporated on
1 September 1972 to oversee the development of the island
[3]. Since then, some
S$420 million of private capitals and another S$500 million of government funds have been invested to develop the island.
[4]In 1974 the
Singapore Cable Car system was built, linking Sentosa to
Mount Faber.
[3] A series of attractions were subsequently opened for visitors including
Fort Siloso,
Surrender Chamber wax museum,
Musical Fountain, and the
Underwater World. The causeway bridge was opened in 1992 connecting Sentosa to the mainland.
[3]The
Sentosa Monorail system was opened in 1982 to transport visitors to various stations located around the island. On
16 March 2005, the monorail service was discontinued to make way for a new
Sentosa Express system which will operate by end of 2006 to provide a more efficient mode of transport.
Attractions
Sentosa offers a variety of attractions, museums and other facilities to provide a variety of experiences, recreation and entertainment to visitors.
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Carlsberg Sky TowerCarlsberg Sky Tower.
The
Carlsberg Sky Tower is the tallest free-standing observation tower in
Asia. At a height of 110 metres above ground and 131 metres above sea level, it offers visitors a panoramic view of Sentosa, Singapore, and the Southern Islands. On a clear day, the view extends to parts of
Malaysia and
Indonesia. At ground level, visitors enter a large disc-shaped airconditioned cabin fitted with glass windows all round. The cabin then revolves slowly as it ascends the column of the tower. The cabin has a capacity of 72 visitors.
The Sky Tower, first opened on 7 February 2004, is situated in the
Imbiah Lookout zone in the centre of Sentosa and can be reached by
Cable Car,
Sentosa Luge Chair Lift, or by bus.
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Butterfly ParkThe Butterfly Park is a landscape garden with over 15,000 live butterflies, representing more than fifty
species. Housed in a cool outdoor conservatory, these butterflies range from the 25 millimetre (1 in) Eurema sari to the 150 mm (6 in)
Papilio iswara.
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Insect Kingdom
The Insect Kingdom houses some 3,000 species of rare insects from around the world, including a 160 mm
Dynastes Hercules beetle.
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Underwater World
A crab exhibit at Underwater World.
Underwater World is an
oceanarium located on the western part of Sentosa. Opened in 1991, the living museum has more than 2,500
marine animals of 250 species from different regions of the world. The oceanarium is underground and has an 83 metre long travelator that moves visitors along a submerged glass-windowed tunnel from which they can look at an array of marine life including
coral reef,
stringrays,
moray eels,
turtles,
sharks, and other fishes.
The Underwater World also includes a Dolphin Lagoon which is home to some Indo-Pacific
humpback dolphins, also known as the pink dolphins. Several "Meet-the-Dolphins" sessions are held daily to allow visitors to enter the waist-deep pool and interact with the dolphins at close proximity.
[5]Musical Fountain
Musical fountain at night.
The Musical Fountain introduces the history of Sentosa through the use of a
water fountain,
lasers, and music. The
refractive and
reflective effect of the lasers against
water particles from several directions create a three-dimensional image.
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Fort Siloso
Fort Siloso.
In the west of the island stand the guns of preserved
Fort Siloso which guarded the western approaches to Singapore during
World War II. Fort Siloso was built by the British in 1880s to guard the narrow western entrance to
Keppel Harbour. It was later modernised and by 1939 was armed with two 6-inch Mark2 guns and two rapid firing 12-pounder guns. Fort Siloso is now the only surviving coastal gun battery from the twelve such batteries that made up
Fortress Singapore at the start of the war.
[6]The
ammunition bunkers, barracks, tunnels, and gun emplacements of the fort are now open to visitors, as a military-themed attraction. Also on display is a collection of artillery guns dating from the 17th century to World War II. Life-sized replicas of British soldiers and other people were on display to depict lives at the fort in the past. There is also an exhibition with a large collection of photographs, documents and film clips.
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MerlionThe
Merlion stands at 37 metres tall.
The
Merlion statue recalls the story of the legendary
Sang Nila Utama, who saw a lion in Singapore (originally known as
Temasek) while hunting. The 37 metre (12 storey) high statue can be entered through the ground floor, and one can take the lift up to 12th floor to view the city state. Opened in 1996, it is the tallest Merlion in Singapore and has been undergoing renovation since 2005.
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Sentosa LugeSentosa Luge.
The
Sentosa Luge is a self-steering, gravity-driven three-wheel cart. Originated from New Zealand, the non-motorised cart allows rider to speed down a hill over a course of 650 m ending at the Siloso Beach.
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Defunct attractions[
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Fantasy Island
Fantasy Island was a water based
theme park in Sentosa. Opened in 1994 at a cost of S$54 million, it had numerous water slides and other features. Once a very popular park, it was plagued by several accidents, including two fatalities, and was eventually closed on 2 November 2002.
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Volcanoland
Volcanoland featured an artificial
volcano along with
Mayan motifs and scenery. The integrated resort will be built over this site.
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BeachesThe Southernmost Island of Sentosa, connected to Palawan Beach by a bridge.
Siloso beach in Sentosa, showing a sheltered cove with a sandy beach used for recreation. The building in the background is the Shangri-La Rasa Sentosa Resort.
Palm trees sway in sunny Tanjong Beach.
A signboard with the words "Tanjong Beach" on it.
Sentosa has a stretch of sheltered beach of more than two kilometres in length on its southern coast, divided into three portions: Palawan Beach, Siloso Beach, and Tanjong Beach. These beaches are artificial, reclaimed using sand bought from Indonesia and Malaysia.
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Palawan Beach
Palawan Beach lies in the centre of the southern coast of Sentosa. There is a suspension bridge that leads to a small islet off the coast which is said to be the Southernmost Point of Continental Asia, or Asia's closest point to the
Equator.
[7]There are several bars along the beach offering food and beverage to visitors.
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Siloso Beach
Siloso Beach lies on the west portion of the southern coast and it is known as the place for beach volleyball and other outdoor activities such as canoeing, skim boarding, mountain biking or rollerblading. There are also dining and shopping outlets along the beach. The
Shangri-La Rasa Sentosa Resort is located at the western end of Siloso Beach.
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Tanjong Beach
Tanjong Beach is a relatively more secluded part of the southern coast. The crescent-shaped beach is sometimes used for special events or parties.
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Other facilities[
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Hotels
There are four hotels in Sentosa:
Shangri-La's Rasa Sentosa is a beachfront five-star hotel located at the western tip of Siloso beach, with 459 rooms and
suites.
The
Sentosa Resort & Spa is a five-star hotel with 214 rooms and suites. The hotel's Spa Botanica has facilities including mud pools and
Turkish-styled steam baths.
Costa Sands Resort operates a number of
chalets and 15
kampung-like huts. It is located on a hill overlooking Siloso Beach.
Sijori Resort is a 64 room hotel located behind the Merlion together with the
Sijori WonderGolf facility.
Siloso Beach Resort opened in July 2006. It has 182 rooms to choose from their Superior, Deluxe and Roof Garden Suite.
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Events
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Singapore Open
The 2005
Singapore Open golf event was held during 8-11 September at the
Sentosa Golf Club's Serapong Course. It is the richest golf tournament which is exclusive to the Asian Tour with a US$2 million prize fund.
[3][
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Sentosa Balloon Hats Festival
The Sentosa Balloon Hats Festival began in 2004. It is a gathering of local secondary school bands who would do display marches along the beach from Tanjong Beach to Palawan Beach before a mass display event. The participants would wear balloon hats made by themselves and each school comes up with their unique desgin. At the end of the event, all the students would pop their balloons followed by a release of a large number of balloons into the air. The event began as part of an attempt to create the world record for the gathering of the largest number of balloon hats. But since then, it had developed into a full scale annual event with performances around the whole island before the marching event began.
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Beach parties
The Siloso Beach in Sentosa is host to the annual ZoukOut beach dance party organised by
Zouk nightclub. On 10 December 2005, some 18,000 people attended the event.
[8]A new year eve party, Siloso NYE Splash is also held annually at the Siloso Beach. On 31 December 2005, the party attracted some 15,000 people.
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Sentosa Flowers 2006
Beginning in February 2005, the Sentosa Flowers event is held at the Fountain Gardens, exhibiting a variety of flora and herbs. The festival, which coincides with the
Chinese New Year or the "Spring Festival" celebration in Singapore, hosts other activities including a mural painting competition, photograph competitions and a festival market for gardening enthusiasts.
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Future developmentFuture plans by the government for Sentosa aims to establish it as one of the world's most
luxurious holiday locations, with a
SGD$10 billion masterplan for the future involving the construction of private
housing at the
Sentosa Cove, the aforementioned partial redevelopment of Siloso Beach, and Asia's first
tourism academy. These large scale island redevelopment projects are expected to complete in 2012.
The largest impact is expected to be from a family-oriented Integrated Resort, with a
casino at its core. This world-class Integrated Resort is expected to be completed in 2009. A resort developer and operator will be chosen by 2nd quarter of 2006. Development of the resort will be financed privately and will not receive any government subsidies. The proposal for a casino has met with extensive opposition from many
conservative critics.
